![]() 100 tonnes iridium for the production of 1 TW hydrogen ( 4). Lower iridium requirements were demonstrated, for example, for a PEM electrolyser with the 3 M nanostructured thin film (NSTF) catalyst reaching 2 A cm –2 current density at 1.86 V at 0.25 mg Ir cm –2 ( 3), which translates into ca. The winner so far is the OER-active conductive and corrosion-resistant iridium at typical loadings of 1–2 mg cm –2. The acidic environment, however, demands corrosion-resistant materials at high potentials. ![]() Active and durable electrocatalysts are required to reduce the power input, the bottleneck being the sluggish anodic OER. ![]() Among the commercialised and emerging technologies, acidic proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysers can operate at up to 20 A cm –2 current density and deliver up to 700 bar hydrogen at high efficiencies ( 2). With the increasing access to surplus renewable electricity, the hydrogen production by water electrolysis may take its rightful place not only in transportation and energy storage, but also as a clean hydrogen supply for chemical and related industries ( 1), replacing greenhouse gas (GHG)-producing methane steam reforming. Regardless of the nature of the hydrotreated reactants and products, as society walks away from fossil fuels, the need for hydrogen will remain indispensable. Hydrogenations and hydrotreating reactions with molecular hydrogen are critical operations in chemical and related industries.
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